Mahakumbh Mela: A Model for Sustainable Development in Action

Abstract:

The Maha Kumbh Mela is a massive religious gathering in India which serves as a compelling case study for the integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into large-scale events. This analysis demonstrates how the 2025 Maha Kumbh Mela aligns with various SDGs, showcasing initiatives in public health and safety (SDG 3), clean energy and transportation (SDG 7), innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), reduced inequalities (SDG 10), responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), climate action (SDG 13), and peace and strong institutions (SDG 16). Beyond its spiritual significance, the Mela functions as a significant economic driver, boosting religious tourism and local trade. However, the environmental challenges posed by the pollution of the Ganga River highlight the critical need for a stronger commitment to environmental sustainability to ensure the long-term success and integrity of the Maha Kumbh Mela (United Nations, 2015).

Walking through the vibrant sea of saffron at the Maha Kumbh Mela 2025, I witnessed something truly remarkable that the mela emerges as a microcosm of how sustainable development goals can be integrated into large-scale events. The Maha Kumbh mela 2025 is a colossal gathering of faith and humanity, transcends its religious significance to emerge as a powerful model for sustainable development. The Kumbh nagari showcases a remarkable blend of ancient wisdom and modern innovation, aligning seamlessly with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (MyGov, 2024).

Tech-Driven Safety and Health

The Mahakumbh prioritises the safety and well-being of pilgrims which exemplifies SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being. The implementation of AI-powered surveillance and safety measures, including AI-powered cameras and underwater drones, enhanced the overall pilgrim experience by minimising the risk of accidents and ensuring timely assistance in case of emergencies. This demonstrates a commitment to improving the health and well-being of the massive congregation.

Eco-Infrastructure and Social Inclusion

In a significant stride towards SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, the Mahakumbh Mela embraced a “green mobility” vision by championing e-rickshaws, electric autos, and empowers women drivers with “Pink Taxis” which not only reduces its carbon footprint but also fosters sustainable transportation options. This initiative provides affordable and eco-conscious travel choices, minimizing pollution and contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment to pilgrims. The Mahakumbh showcases innovative engineering and technological advancements which highlights SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. The ingenious creation of 30 pontoon bridges exemplifies innovative engineering solutions, drawing upon centuries-old traditions. These bridges provided efficient and accessible infrastructure for millions of pilgrims. Furthermore, the implementation of AI-powered surveillance and safety measures demonstrated the innovative use of technology to address challenges like crowd management and safety.

The Kumbh nagari transcends social and economic divides by embodying the spirit of SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities. It brings individuals together from all walks of life, irrespective of their caste, creed, or socio-economic background by providing a shared space for spiritual communion. This highlights a sense of collective identity and belongingness which reminds the importance of social cohesion and shared humanity.

Green Governance and Harmony

The Mahakumbh Mela demonstrates a strong commitment to SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production by banning single-use plastics and actively promoting the use of eco-friendly alternatives which fosters environmental consciousness among pilgrims and vendors. This proactive approach not only minimizes waste generation but also significantly reduces the environmental footprint, setting a powerful example for large-scale gatherings worldwide.

The Mahakumbh Mela demonstrates a profound commitment to SDG 13: Climate Action by embarking on a massive tree plantation drive. The meticulous planting of 3 lakh native saplings across the region not only serves as a powerful symbol of environmental stewardship but also offers a tangible solution to combat climate change. These saplings act as nature's carbon sinks and will diligently absorb greenhouse gases further mitigating the impact of human activities on our planet.

The Mahakumbh Nagri is a testament to the power of collective faith and peaceful coexistence, which showcases a commitment to SDG 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions. The seamless management of this extraordinary gathering, encompassing millions of pilgrims from diverse backgrounds serves a remarkable feat of logistical planning and execution. This demonstration of peaceful coexistence serves as an inspiring model for large-scale gatherings worldwide, highlighting the importance of strong institutions and effective governance in creating an inclusive and secure environment for all.

Economic and Social Impact

The Maha Kumbh Mela is not only a significant religious event but also a powerful economic engine. From high-end accommodations costing up to ?1 lakh to substantial corporate sponsorships, the mela generates a massive boost to religious tourism, benefiting sectors like airlines, railways, hotels, restaurants, and road transportation.  Industry estimates suggest the Maha Kumbh could increase India’s nominal and real GDP by 1%. The Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT) estimates that local hotels, guest houses, and lodges will contribute approximately ?40,000 crore. The food and beverage sector are projected to generate ?20,000 crore by the end of February 2025, while sales of religious items and offerings could add another ?20,000 crore.  Furthermore, tourism-related services are expected to bring in ?10,000 crore.

The Maha Kumbh is also stimulating local trade, with increased demand for eco-friendly products like Mahakumbh-themed merchandise diaries, calendars, jute bags, and stationery.  The Ministry of Culture report mentions a sales increase of over 25% for such items, demonstrating a focus on sustainable branding.  The Uttar Pradesh government reportedly earned ? 3 lakh crore in revenue from the Prayagraj Maha Kumbh after investing ?1,500 crore say’s CM Yogi Adityanath. Moreover, ISKCON and the Adani Group have partnered to provide daily meals to approximately one hundred thousand attendees of the Maha Kumbh, highlighting corporate participation in large-scale community support initiatives.

Critical Examination

The river Ganga is increasingly polluted, with untreated sewage from cities like Prayagraj contaminating its waters. This pollution renders the river unfit for aachman, the ritual sipping of water, a core tenet of the faith. Ironically, pilgrims who believe they are purifying themselves by bathing in the holy river are, in reality, immersing themselves in a toxic bath of untreated waste. This environmental crisis casts a long shadow over the spiritual significance of the Maha Kumbh and raises serious concerns about the health and well-being of millions of devotees. The success of future Kumbhs will depend not just on logistical brilliance, but also on a genuine commitment to restoring the sanctity of the Ganga and ensuring a truly sustainable and environmentally conscious celebration of faith.

Moreover, the Mahakumbh Mela 2025, witnessed a tragic stampede on January 29th resulting in the deaths of 30 people and injuries to 60 others. This incident starkly highlights persistent issues in crowd management at large-scale religious events in India, despite prior warnings and guidelines. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) had published a report in 2014 outlining measures for crowd control and stampede prevention, yet several of the factors contributing to the 2025 tragedy align with the report's key takeaways. These include the arrival of more than anticipated crowds and underestimation of audience size. To witness these very failings, play out again in 2025 is not merely disheartening, it's a damning indictment of the lack of accountability and implementation.  The question lingers: will lessons ever be truly learned, or will the Mahakumbh forever be a site of both profound devotion and potential tragedy?  

Policy Recommendations

To effectively combat the escalating pollution of the river Ganga, a multi-pronged policy approach is the need of an hour. Firstly, there should be strict enforcement of environmental regulations ensuring that untreated sewage and industrial waste are not discharged into the river. This necessitates regular monitoring of water quality and the imposition of hefty penalties for those found in violation. Secondly, substantial investment in wastewater treatment infrastructure is crucial, focusing on both upgrading existing facilities and establishing new, decentralized systems.  Thirdly, comprehensive public awareness campaigns must be launched to educate both pilgrims and local residents on the significance of preserving the Ganga's sanctity and the potential health hazards posed by polluted waters. These campaigns should also promote responsible waste disposal practices and discourage activities that contribute to the river's degradation.  

To mitigate the risk of future stampedes and enhance crowd management at the Mahakumbh, several policy interventions are necessary. Foremost is the diligent implementation of the NDMA guidelines, ensuring regular reviews and updates to incorporate lessons learned from past incidents and advancements in crowd control methodologies.  Secondly, enhanced crowd monitoring and control measures are vital, leveraging advanced technologies such as AI-powered video analytics and real-time tracking systems for proactive crowd management.  This should be coupled with the deployment of adequately trained personnel for effective crowd control, focusing on preventing overcrowding in critical zones. Thirdly, continuous infrastructure development and improvement are essential to facilitate the smooth movement of pilgrims and prevent bottlenecks.  This includes widening pathways, constructing additional bridges, and ensuring clear and well-lit entry and exit points, with regular safety inspections of temporary structures.  

References:

United Nations. (2023). Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved January 30, 2025, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals

MyGov India. (n.d.). Mahakumbh 2025. Retrieved January 28, 2023, from https://www.mygov.in/campaigns/mahakumbh-2025/

The Hindu. (2025, January 30). Maha Kumbh Mela 2025: Stampede in Prayagraj on Mauni Amavasya – Live updates. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maha-kumbh-mela-2025-stampede-in-prayagraj-on-mauni-amavasya-live-updates/article69153214.ece

National Disaster Management Authority. (n.d.). Guidelines. Retrieved October 30, 2023, from https://ndma.gov.in/Governance/Guidelines